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No tome el nombre de la paella en vano

Científicos de la Universidad Católica de Valencia cierran el debate y fijan los diez ingredientes canónicos de la paella tras entrevistar a 400 cocineros aficionados

ay quien busca las fuentes de la paella como el capitán Speke buscaba las fuentes del Nilo. Seguramente se nos rompió la receta de tanta usarla. Y como somos incapaces de consensuar nada, ha habido que echar mano de la ciencia. Los españoles somos así: necesitamos una investigación para ponernos de acuerdo sobre los ingredientes de uno de los platos icónicos de nuestro recetario: la paella, valenciana por más señas, fuente de misterio, placer y controversia cuando no visceralidad en torno a un plato que quiere ser patrimonio Inmaterial de la Humanidad, como la pizza napolitana o la cocina japonesa.  La Unesco exige que exista una “práctica, ritual, costumbre para la elaboración y un arte para su preparación”. Exigencias más que acreditadas. Pero falta fijar la receta del que es seguramente el plato más ofendido en chiriguitos, bares y restaurantes de guardar para llenar la panza a alemanes ávidos de sangría y paella española. La cosa es que ni eso somos capaces de consensuar.

El 99% de los practicantes aficionados cocinan con un mix de herramientas y saberes que suma lo aprendido de sus mayores a esa creatividad innata española que todo lo ennoblece y abrillanta. A ojímetro, no debe pasar del 1% el número de cocineros aficionados que ha adquirido técnicas y conocimientos en academias, escuelas o maestrías de la cosa. Así, un grupo de científicos se puso manos a la obra. Y al igual que la Real Academia de la Lengua, han decidido limpiar, fijar y dar esplendor a la receta de la paella. Y hasta aquí hemos llegado. Que nadie tome su nombre en vano.


Estos científicos de la Universidad Católica de Valencia acaban de publicar un estudio en International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, una de las biblias científicas mundiales sobre alimentación, bajo el título A nightmare glocal discussion. What are the ingredients of Paella Valenciana?, que traducido resulta algo así como “Una discusión glocal de pesadilla. ¿Cuáles son los ingredientes de la Paella Valenciana?”

Lo han elaborado varios antropólogos encabezados por Pablo Vidal, Pilar Medrano y Enrique Sáez, que han contado con el asesoramiento del chef José Andrés. El trabajo de campo lo han hecho en 266 pueblos de la provincia de Valencia y han entrevistado a 400 cocineros no profesionales, residentes en estas localidades y todos mayores de cincuenta años.

El resultado es que la receta de la auténtica y legendaria paella valenciana lleva diez ingredientes, ni uno más, ni uno menos: arroz, agua, aceite de oliva, sal, azafrán (o colorante similar), tomate, judía verde plana, garrofón (una judía más grande de las habituales), pollo y conejo. Y ahí se pararon las aguas. La paella valenciana  se hace con esos ingredientes. Son los que utiliza el 90% de los encuestados. Se identifican otros tres productos que emplean ocasionalmente la mitad de los encuestados: pimentón, romero y alcachofa, que en todo caso quedan fuera de la receta canónica. Los demás platos se llamarán como se quieran llamar pero no son paella y por lo tanto usurpan su nombre indebidamente. Puede ser un arroz con cosas y estar delicioso, pero se escapa al rigor que exige la receta. De hecho en Valencia hay otro tipo de arroces, pero solo este lleva la denominación y el apellido de valenciana, que es, por otra parte, una receta austera y sencilla, sin excesos ni ostentación de materias primas carísimas. “No se trata de frenar la marea y detener la evolución de la paella, sino de reivindicar unas reglas del juego al hablar de paella valenciana. Si utilizamos este nombre, debemos ceñirnos a esos diez ingredientes básicos, incluyendo, por supuesto, otros de la lista de frecuentes u ocasionales, pero evitando todo lo que quede fuera de esta amplia lista», afirman los autores del estudio.

El trabajo arroja otros datos de interés: el 80% de los cocineros caseros cocinan paella para más de cuatro personas y en domingo o en otras fechas festivas o excepcionales. Se trata del efecto socializador de la paella, que va más allá de la degustación de un plato exquisito. El ritual de su preparación, la convivencia, la veneración por los productos de la tierra y la exaltación de la amistad también forman parte de esa otra receta que ha convertido a la paella en un plato universal, aunque alterado en su esencia, justo lo que se corrige ahora. Los investigadores sostienen que el éxito global de la paella es una virtud y un reto para que no desdibuje su esencia. En realidad, y posiblemente en la mayoría de fuegos fuera de Valencia, los cocineros aficionados le ponen al arroz lo que les da la tierra o el mar y les apetece, sin reparar en ortodoxias.


“Veo cada día más claro que el fuego es la pasión y el sentir de un pueblo: eso es ser valenciano. Y ese ADN de siglos y siglos lo expresan a través de un plato. Estamos hablando de eso, de lo que somos, de cómo todos estamos detrás de un plato que nos hace sentir más valencianos y más españoles. Y si Dios quiere un día llevaremos la paella a la Estación Espacial”, dijo el chef José Andrés durante la presentación del estudio. El cocinero asturiano, que fue nombrado hace años embajador mundial de la paella, citó a Brillat Savarin para recordar aquello de “dime qué comes y te diré cómo eres”. José Andrés también le pidió a la Generalitat que apremie a la RAE a aclarar si el recipiente donde se cocina el arroz se debe llamar paella o paellera, “porque hay un buen desaguisado con eso”.

Aunque el estudio no ha entrado en la cuestión técnica, encontrará auténticos expertos que le fijarán al menos algunos aspectos fundamentales a tener en cuenta: el tipo de arroz, la proporción de agua adecuada, el tiempo de fuego (mejor si es a la leña), las dimensiones del recipiente. Y algo relevante: la paella no se remueve, con el meneíto solo se consigue que el arroz suelte el almidón formando un engrudo incomible.

Pues volviendo a los diez ingredientes totémicos, habrá usted observado que de un plumazo se han cargado todos los productos procedentes del mar y con ellos esa vaga y, ya lo sabemos científicamente, errática definición de “paella de marisco”. Será otra cosa, pero la proteína animal de la paella es conejo o pollo. Y ese concepto de la hostelería clásica de “una paella mixta” tampoco existe, como los Reyes Magos. Muerto -gastronómicamente hablando- queda Jaimie Oliver, el cocinero de la BBC y su mítica paella con chorizo, chistorras, almejas, gambas y no se sabe cuántas cosas más. Una receta recogida por la Comunidad de la paella, un grupo de amigos dedicados difundir los restaurantes donde se come una rica paella valenciana. De hecho, además de la receta perpetrada por Oliver, han pillado otros crímenes similares a través del ancho mundo. Entre ellos una autodenominada paella con arroz a la cubana y huevos a la flamenca, una que incluía melón y pimiento y otra con sandía y mejillones. Pues sí. Y Los replicantes, bajo el título Las 17 mayores vejaciones a la paella, recogen otra serie de herejías muy llamativas: la paella con cebolla, con guisantes, con colorante azul, con uvas para fin de año o con boquerones y espinacas. Incluso circula por ahí con singular desparpajo una receta de la paella dulce a los dos chocolates. Y por acabar: al clásico paellador ultracongelado que verá en muchas pizarras de bares, añadan un invento llamado a cambiar la humanidad: el sándwich de paella de Tesco.

Estimado lector, ya sabe casi todo lo que necesita saber sobre los ingredientes de la paella. Siga cocinando lo que quiera los domingos y añádale lo que guste, no se corte. Sin límites. Pero en nombre de la paella, no.

Instagram: @anthdezrodicio / Twitter: @AHRodicio

La criticada "paella" con chorizo del chef Jamie Oliver.

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