El acorazado del mar
Febrero, plena temporada de erizos de mar: un buen momento para el elogio de un marisco sorprendente, delicado y exquisito, que además comparte un buen número de genes con los seres humanos
lindado como un pánzer alemán, inexpugnable como la tapia de una prisión y enigmático como la sonrisa de la Gioconda. Así son los erizos de mar, un pedazo de roca que le coloca el océano en el paladar. Verdes oscuros, violetas, marrones, rojos, rosas fosforecentes, el erizo es un marisco inusual en las mesas, salvo en zonas donde realmente se le venera porque se le conoce y forma parte de la familia: singularmente la costa atlántica gaditana, Asturias, Galicia y zonas del Mediterráneo. Este miembro de la familia de los equinodermos (Paracentrotus lividus) suele medir entre 5 y 8 centímetros y protege un delicado interior con pinchos afilados de varias dimensiones. Las púas más pequeñas pasan por ser venenosas para el dedo humano. Otras, en cambio, son suaves, como un hilo sedoso y rígido. Y habita en charcas, pozas y profundidades marinas de hasta 30 metros.
Hace 250 millones de años se produjo la mayor extinción de organismo vivos terrestres y marinos de la historia de la tierra. Los expertos lo atribuyen a una emisión masiva de CO2 de origen volcánica. Los erizos de mar, que ya llevaban ocupando los fondos marinos otra cantidad similar de años, se impusieron como el equinodermo dominante tras la catástrofe natural. Y hasta hoy.
Como suele ocurrir, lo que la naturaleza protege con tanto ahínco merece la pena. El erizo (oricios, ourizos, garoinas o garotas, el nombre cambia en cada zona) alberga en su interior cinco huevas anaranjadas (o casi rojas o marrones, según el caso) que agrupadas por el vértice forman una estrella de mar perfecta. Son sus glándulas reproductoras. Pura maravilla acunada tras un caparazón alambrado. Su anatomía es un desafío natural que ningún estudio de diseño alcanzaría a imaginar ni a dibujar. El cuerpo redondo o achatado puede parecer una castaña. Y las huevas son un tesoro pleno de sabor. Una explosión de mar dulce y salada, con profundidad y mucho yodo. La textura es suave, aterciopelada y cremosa. Un tesoro concentrado.
Los erizos -hay más de 700 especies- pueden llegar a vivir cien años y se alimentan básicamente de algas, plancton, corales y moluscos. Y son, a la vez, una delicatesen para focas, nutrias, cangrejos y algunos pájaros con picos potentes.
Estos bichos son seres muy curiosos: no tienen ojos pero captan la luz a través de unos tubos casi imperceptibles, lo que les ayuda a desplazarse con el apoyo de otros pequeños conductos que funcionan a modo de ventosa. Un investigador científico experto en biología y zoología marina llamado Gary Wessel, de la Universidad de Brown (Providence), tras media vida estudiando a estos equinodermos afirmó: “Llevo 31 años observando a estos organismos y ahora sé que me estaban viendo”.
No tienen ojos pero si boca. En la cara inferior, pegada a la roca. Con una mandíbula articulada cuajada de dientes finos y potentes que le permite desmenuzar y deglutir el alimento. Curiosamente su aparato de masticación, la mandíbula y la estructura esquelética se conoce como La linterna de Aristóteles. El sabio de la antigua Grecia ya se había fijado en estos extraños pero sabrosos animales, de los que habló en su Historia Animalium, donde comparaba su cavidad bucal con unas linternas de cuerno utilizadas en el siglo IV A.C. Desde entonces, a lo que se ve, los seres humanos estamos dando buena cuenta de los erizos de mar, que ni por los pinchos se libran del depredador de tierra. Hay que decir que en España no está amenazado aunque sí protegido. Hasta 240 científicos de 70 instituciones científicas de once países participaron en un proyecto de envergadura para la secuenciación del genoma del erizo de mar. El asunto es que obtuvieron 814 millones de lo que llaman “letras” de ADN. El proyecto ha desvelado que entre los erizos de mar y los humanos hay más similitudes de las que cabía imaginar, si es que hay alguien que alguna vez había imaginado parecidos entre el equinodermo marino y las personas de carne y hueso sin espinas (por fuera). Por lo que cuenta la literatura científica, los hombres y los erizos pertenecemos al mismo fílum, que es una clasificación taxonómica para agrupar a seres vivos. Tenemos algo así como un antepasado común. Lo que se ha comprobado científicamente es que, en efecto, compartimos más genes y “sendas biológicas” con los erizos de lo que se pensaba. En fin, que no somos nadie.
Pero regresando a lo que íbamos, a la parte de las huevas, y sin pretender herir susceptibilidades por aquello del parentesco, se trata de uno de los manjares más delicados y recomendables. No deje de probarlas al menos una vez en su vida. Desde 12 euros tiene latas de 50 gramos de huevas de erizos. No es un placer prohibitivo, pero sí irrepetible. Ferran Adriá en su libro Los secretos de El Bulli, señalaba la triada mágica de alimentos: el jamón de bellota, la trufa blanca del Piamonte y los erizos de mar. De hecho, fue uno de los 48 platos del menú de despedida de El Bulli: Niguiris de erizo fresco y tuétano. Japón es uno de los principales países consumidores de erizos, llamados uni en el país nipón. Los encontrará en decenas de recetas, entre ellas el Chawanmushi, un plato que se presenta con la textura del flan y tiene en su base huevo y caldo dashi (alga konbu y copos de bonito seco), además de las huevas anaranjadas que le dan todo el sabor.
En todo caso, un consejo universal es consumirlo en crudo y sin aderezos. Sencillamente no necesita nada que potencie su sabor. Más bien al contrario, cualquier invento desafortunado puede malograr el sabor potente y profundo de ese marisco. No obstante, hay quien lo toma en tortilla, en cocotte, con pasta, en ceviche, revuelto o relleno. Gustos a elegir. Arzak lo tuvo un tiempo en su carta con yema de huevo y algas. Y Ángel León en Aponiente presentó en su menú de 2017 una royal de erizos apoteósica. Ha de decirse que en algunos lugares como Cádiz se rinde culto al erizo. Hasta que llegó el covid y durante treinta años seguidos, una erizada popular ha precedido el inicio de los carnavales. Una fiesta que se celebra en el Barrio de la Viña, entre coplas y copas, en las que la Peña El erizoreparte cientos de kilos.
Así es este acorazado de los mares. La escritora Juana Baría Aguiló, autora de decenas de libros de gastronomía, dedicó uno al equinodermo. Elogio del erizo (Editorial Trea) se titula. Cita unos versos de Pablo Neruda: “El erizo es el sol del mar (..) Redondo, frágil, escondido / húmedo, secreto y hostil/ el erizo es como el amor”. Y además está riquísimo. Pura esencia de mar y, por lo visto, antepasado lejano del personal. Vamos, que son casi de la familia.
Instagram: @anthdezrodicio / Twitter: @AHRodicio









Soy un enamorado de este equinodermo. Es el mar concentrado. Este mes es el de la raya y el orizio. La raya la comí la semana pasada dos veces en galicia y ahora voy a buscar este caviar.
Magnífica lección magistral sobre los erizos. Enhorabuena, querido Antonio.
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